# Cancer — GCMD Library living collection

Everything in the library about cancer — built automatically from dossiers that name it.

Updated: n/a · 6 episodes · 89 cited statements

## Episodes
### Evidence & Research
- [Best of the Best Gen Surg - Limited Health Literacy is Associated with Reduced Adherence to ERP Components. - Dr. Shao](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860) — video · 9:23 · [machine version](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860.md)
- [Female Fertility Cryopreservation Outcomes in Childhood Cancer: A Systematic Review](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-8647) — video · 0:59 · [machine version](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-8647.md)
- [Female Fertility Cryopreservation Outcomes in Childhood Cancer: A Systematic Review](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-9521) — video · 0:56 · [machine version](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-9521.md)

### In-Depth Reviews
- [Keys to Building a Successful Interdisciplinary Program-Creating the...](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903) — video · 10:12 · [machine version](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903.md)

### Emerging & Future Directions
- [ACS Icons in Surgery | Jeffrey L. Ponsky, MD, FACS](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682) — video · 20:00 · [machine version](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682.md)

### Patient & Family Education
- [Unconscious Bias](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300) — podcast · 58:27 · [machine version](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300.md)

## Chapters
- [0:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=0) Introduction to Interdisciplinary Program Building Session (Ep 1)
- [0:22](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=22) Team Composition and Multidisciplinary Collaboration (Ep 1)
- [3:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=180) Consultation Workflow and Risk Assessment Process (Ep 1)
- [6:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=360) Standardization Through Decision Aids and Educational Tools (Ep 1)
- [8:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=480) Educational Video Content and Program Website (Ep 1)
- [0:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=0) Introduction and Context: Recognizing Unconscious Bias (Ep 2)
- [3:22](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=202) Defining Implicit Bias and Examples from Practice (Ep 2)
- [10:05](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=605) Personal Experiences: Explicit vs. Implicit Bias (Ep 2)
- [16:52](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=1012) Social Identity and Privilege (Ep 2)
- [21:36](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=1296) Addressing the "I Chose the Best" Defense (Ep 2)
- [27:28](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=1648) Responding to Test Results and the Journey of Change (Ep 2)
- [37:43](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2263) Research-Proven Mitigation Strategies (Ep 2)
- [47:53](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2873) Key Takeaways and the Role of Leadership (Ep 2)
- [53:47](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=3227) Advice for Young Female Surgeons and Closing Remarks (Ep 2)
- [0:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=0) Introduction to the AFCRS paper on health literacy and ERP adherence (Ep 3)
- [0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24) Presentation: Health literacy, ERP adherence, and postoperative outcomes (Ep 3)
- [5:12](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=312) Discussion: Practical implementation of health literacy interventions (Ep 3)
- [0:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-8647?t=0) Fertility Preservation Outcomes in Pediatric Female Cancer Patients (Ep 4)
- [0:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-9521?t=0) Systematic Review of Female Fertility Cryopreservation Outcomes (Ep 5)
- [0:12](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=12) Early Life and Path to Surgery (Ep 6)
- [4:36](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=276) Residency and Discovery of Endoscopy (Ep 6)
- [7:51](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=471) Establishing Surgical Endoscopy Practice (Ep 6)
- [10:02](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=602) SAGES and American Board of Surgery Leadership (Ep 6)
- [13:54](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=834) Mentorship and Legacy (Ep 6)
- [18:16](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=1096) Personal Interests and Surgical Philosophy (Ep 6)

## Statements
Every statement is attributed, typed, and timestamped; the link is the citation.
- Gillippelli et al. performed a systematic retrospective review of female fertility cryopreservation outcomes in children with cancer — Alex Halpern (clinical) [Ep 5 · 0:13](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-9521?t=13)
- The review initially examined 104 abstracts and 34 full text articles — Alex Halpern (clinical) [Ep 5 · 0:19](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-9521?t=19)
- 12 studies were included in the final systematic review — Alex Halpern (clinical) [Ep 5 · 0:19](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-9521?t=19)
- Ovarian tissue cryopreservation was performed in 501 patients across the included studies — Alex Halpern (epidemiological) [Ep 5 · 0:27](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-9521?t=27)
- 5.9% of patients who underwent ovarian tissue cryopreservation later received ovarian tissue transplantation — Alex Halpern (epidemiological) [Ep 5 · 0:27](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-9521?t=27)
- 33% of patients who underwent ovarian tissue transplantation were able to become pregnant — Alex Halpern (clinical) [Ep 5 · 0:38](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-9521?t=38)
- Ovarian tissue cryopreservation has great advantages for pediatric cancer patients but needs to be studied further — Alex Halpern (opinion) [Ep 5 · 0:44](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-9521?t=44)
- Basil Morrison in England was marking the tips of polyps with India ink to track polyp behavior over time. — Jeffrey L. Ponsky (clinical) [Ep 6 · 6:47](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=407)
- Endoscopic marking of colonic lesions with India ink was developed in 1975 to enable surgeons to locate polypectomy sites when pathology revealed cancer. — Jeffrey L. Ponsky (clinical) [Ep 6 · 7:01](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=421)
- India ink tattooing remains useful in the laparoscopic era when surgeons cannot palpate the colon to locate lesion sites. — Jeffrey L. Ponsky (clinical) [Ep 6 · 7:28](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=448)
- The first endoscope cost $5,200 in 1974. — Jeffrey L. Ponsky (clinical) [Ep 6 · 8:02](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=482)
- In the mid-1970s, endoscopes were cleaned with green soap before use. — Jeffrey L. Ponsky (clinical) [Ep 6 · 8:48](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=528)
- Transillumination of the abdominal wall during pediatric endoscopy, where the endoscope light shone through the belly and finger indentation was visible, led to development of the PEG procedure. — Jeffrey L. Ponsky (clinical) [Ep 6 · 9:01](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=541)
- Jacques Perrisat presented a video on laparoscopic cholecystectomy at a SAGES meeting in Louisville, Kentucky in 1989. — Jeffrey L. Ponsky (clinical) [Ep 6 · 10:44](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=644)
- The American Board of Surgery asked SAGES to nominate three members for a board director position representing minimally invasive surgery. — Jeffrey L. Ponsky (clinical) [Ep 6 · 12:01](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=721)
- Ponsky contributed to the American Board of Surgery by developing educational components for minimally invasive surgery, creating examination questions, and establishing endoscopy training requirements for surgical residents. — Jeffrey L. Ponsky (clinical) [Ep 6 · 12:42](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=762)
- The endoscope should be conceptualized as a vehicle like a car or bus that transports surgeons to operative sites rather than primarily as a tool for mucosal inspection. — Jeffrey L. Ponsky (opinion) [Ep 6 · 19:23](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=1163)
- Surgeons use the endoscope as a vehicle to reach sites for operations including POEM, POP, Zenker's procedures, and NOTES. — Jeffrey L. Ponsky (clinical) [Ep 6 · 19:38](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=1178)
- Health literacy is defined as the degree to which an individual has the capacity to obtain, communicate, process, and understand basic health information and services to make appropriate health decisions. — Connie Chow (guideline) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- Health literacy is modifiable and health literacy-based interventions have been shown to improve outcomes and patient experience. — Connie Chow (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- Patients with lower health literacy are more likely to have higher health care costs, higher rates of hospital and emergency room visits, and higher mortality rates. — Connie Chow (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- Patients with lower health literacy are less likely to follow treatment plans. — Connie Chow (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- The presenter's group previously showed that limited health literacy is associated with increased complications compared to patients with higher health literacy. — Connie Chow (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- Many studies have shown that increased adherence to components of enhanced recovery is associated with improved postoperative outcomes. — Connie Chow (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- This was a retrospective cohort study from December 2018 to November 2021 of elective inpatient colorectal surgeries tracked by the institutional ACS NSQIP database. — Connie Chow (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- Seven ERP adherence variables were extracted from the NSQIP database and cross-referenced with the institution's health literacy database, which tracks patients' brief health literacy scores measured in clinic. — Connie Chow (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- Study patients were on average about 56 years old, about 70% white, a quarter black, majority female, with mean BMI about 30, majority non-diabetic, and about 15-17% with history of smoking within the past year. — Connie Chow (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- Study patients had similar rates of private insurance and Medicare, mean ASA of about 3, most surgeries did not include ostomy placement, cases averaged about 3.5 hours, most were for benign indications and cancer, and most were done laparoscopically. — Connie Chow (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- Patients were on average adherent to about 6 or 7 ERP components. — Connie Chow (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- For postoperative outcomes, 12% had a surgical site infection within 30 days of surgery, average length of stay was about 5.5 days, and about 10% of patients were readmitted within 30 days. — Connie Chow (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- Only two factors were associated with increased ERP adherence: increased health literacy and a diagnosis of cancer. — Connie Chow (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- There is a direct linear correlation between increased health literacy score and increased percent adherence to the seven ERP components tracked. — Connie Chow (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- Multivariable regression showed that black race, case duration, ostomy placement, and diagnosis of IBD are associated with increased length of stay. — Connie Chow (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- The only protective factor for decreased length of stay was ERP adherence. — Connie Chow (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- Enhanced recovery has previously been shown to close the gap in disparities in length of stay, and the finding that black race is now associated with increased length of stay warrants investigation. — Connie Chow (opinion) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- Higher health literacy is independently associated with greater ERP adherence, which is the only factor associated with shorter length of stay. — Connie Chow (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- The presenter posits that increased health literacy leads to increased adherence to ERP and decreased length of stay. — Connie Chow (opinion) [Ep 3 · 0:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=24)
- Enhanced recovery at UAB has been a major initiative for the last decade, with initially great uptake in teaching among nurses and successful outcomes including closing gaps in disparities between black and white patients. — Connie Chow (clinical) [Ep 3 · 6:43](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=403)
- Travel nurses are not receiving the routine training that former GI surgery floor nurses had, and are not as well trained in enhanced recovery because they don't know the institutional system as well. — Connie Chow (opinion) [Ep 3 · 6:43](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=403)
- The presenter proposes that preoperative education and in-hospital education for nurses, combined with patient autonomy and agency to advocate for themselves regarding ERP components, may improve adherence. — Connie Chow (opinion) [Ep 3 · 6:43](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/best-of-the-best-gen-surg-limited-health-literacy-is-associated-with-reduced-adh-5860?t=403)
- No one recognizes they have implicit bias, and everyone has it to different degrees about different groups (religions, gender, sexual preference). — Mary Brandt (opinion) [Ep 2 · 4:55](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=295)
- Anyone not in the dominant group (white male Protestants) will have experienced implicit bias; women in surgery and medicine universally have. — Mary Brandt (opinion) [Ep 2 · 6:04](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=364)
- Microaggressions are 'very tiny paper cuts'—not blatant prejudice but repeated small insults (e.g., men talking over women, 'mansplaining,' 'he-peats') that take a toll over time. — Mary Brandt (clinical) [Ep 2 · 7:55](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=475)
- People in dominant positions are responsible for calling out microaggressions and bias, not those experiencing them. — Mary Brandt (opinion) [Ep 2 · 9:10](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=550)
- At Hopkins in 2005–2006, implicit bias testing showed that people have bias based on where they sit (Hopkins vs. Harvard) and that white preference exists because white individuals get more recognition and opportunities. — Julie Freischlag (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 10:05](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=605)
- Julie Freischlag learned 20 years after the match that the UCSF surgery chair decided he didn't want any women in the program, so the three ranked women (including her) were excluded. — Julie Freischlag (clinical) [Ep 2 · 11:20](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=680)
- All of Julie Freischlag's search committees now must go through implicit bias testing and examination. — Julie Freischlag (clinical) [Ep 2 · 12:23](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=743)
- Unconscious biases are associations or preferences occurring outside awareness and control; they can influence decision-making so that even well-intentioned, egalitarian clinicians may treat people differently based on gender, race, age, height, weight. — Quinn Capers (clinical) [Ep 2 · 12:44](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=764)
- In a case Quinn Capers was made aware of, an outside oncologist assumed an underrepresented minority patient's cancer relapse was due to noncompliance with chemotherapy; genetic testing later showed the cancer had mutated, but the delayed switch in therapy came too late and the patient died. — Quinn Capers (clinical) [Ep 2 · 14:10](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=850)
- There is data that physicians unconsciously associate underrepresented minorities with medical noncompliance. — Quinn Capers (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 16:20](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=980)
- If you are in a dominant group (white, male, Protestant, cisgender), you never have to think about your social identity during interactions—'you've never had to think about what's water.' — Mary Brandt (opinion) [Ep 2 · 17:50](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=1070)
- Many people assume surgeons can't lead organizations because they're 'so narcissistic and self-centered that they can't see beyond the operating room'; Julie Freischlag had to overcome this stereotype when seeking dean/CEO positions. — Julie Freischlag (clinical) [Ep 2 · 20:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=1200)
- A panel that is purely white males will not attract many listeners nor be believed. — Julie Freischlag (opinion) [Ep 2 · 22:40](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=1360)
- To diversify panels, one can ask trainees (especially women or underrepresented minorities) who they admire in the field, or reach out via email/text to people outside one's immediate network. — Julie Freischlag (clinical) [Ep 2 · 24:01](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=1441)
- When assembling panels, people typically ask 'who do I know?' or call a colleague for recommendations, which perpetuates homogeneity; intentionality is required to achieve diversity. — Quinn Capers (opinion) [Ep 2 · 25:50](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=1550)
- Todd Ponsky admits he thinks of who to put on panels by recalling who he's seen on other panels, thereby perpetuating bias. — Todd Ponsky (clinical) [Ep 2 · 27:28](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=1648)
- Implicit bias arises from how you were raised, the people around you, your parents, hometown, and high school—not from personal moral failing; recognizing it should prompt action, not shame. — Julie Freischlag (opinion) [Ep 2 · 28:18](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=1698)
- Appreciative inquiry—asking 'why? tell me more' instead of assuming you know the answer—helps overcome implicit bias. — Julie Freischlag (clinical) [Ep 2 · 29:10](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=1750)
- Recognizing implicit bias is the first step; it exists in 100% of people, it's not your fault (media and society reinforce it), but you have a responsibility to behave differently. — Mary Brandt (opinion) [Ep 2 · 30:59](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=1859)
- Addressing implicit bias is hard work, a journey that will make you extremely uncomfortable; when you get uncomfortable, that means you're making progress. — Mary Brandt (opinion) [Ep 2 · 32:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=1920)
- Robin DiAngelo's book *White Fragility* explains how pervasive race issues are in society and how white people have a responsibility to respond appropriately; it addresses the defensive 'I'm not biased' reaction. — Mary Brandt (guideline) [Ep 2 · 32:40](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=1960)
- Physicians are good-hearted people who want to do the right thing, but unconscious biases can 'hijack our good intentions' and lead to inequitable care. — Quinn Capers (opinion) [Ep 2 · 34:07](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2047)
- Research-proven strategy: find common group identities with patients (e.g., both grew up on a farm, both fans of the same sports team); discovering a shared group identity reduces unconscious bias. — Quinn Capers (clinical) [Ep 2 · 34:50](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2090)
- Perspective-taking—imagining what a patient went through to get to the appointment (parking, stress, taking time off work)—builds empathy, and empathy actively opposes unconscious bias. — Quinn Capers (clinical) [Ep 2 · 35:50](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2150)
- At Ohio State, after the 140-member admissions committee took three Harvard IATs (sexuality, male career stereotype, black-white race) and received bias training, the college admitted the most diverse class in its history the very next cycle. — Quinn Capers (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 37:43](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2263)
- Ohio State now mandates annual admissions committee orientation with IAT testing and a vignette-based workshop on implicit bias reduction strategies. — Quinn Capers (clinical) [Ep 2 · 39:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2340)
- Mary Brandt's three key points: (1) you have implicit biases that are getting in your way; (2) they hurt individuals and the profession by preventing diverse hiring/retention; (3) addressing this takes courage, and those in power must call out bias when it happens. — Mary Brandt (opinion) [Ep 2 · 40:20](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2420)
- In medicine's hierarchy, younger and more diverse individuals are not comfortable calling out bias, so leaders must be public about it and say 'I'm sure you didn't mean to offend, but this is what we heard.' — Julie Freischlag (opinion) [Ep 2 · 42:30](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2550)
- When someone reports an offensive incident, leaders must listen with an open mind, because implicit bias may cause the leader to have heard it differently than the person who was harmed. — Julie Freischlag (opinion) [Ep 2 · 43:30](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2610)
- Julie Freischlag recounts a lecture at her college that young women found offensive but an older white male thought was great—'people will hear different things' based on their identity. — Julie Freischlag (clinical) [Ep 2 · 44:20](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2660)
- Leaders will make mistakes and should publicly apologize: 'I didn't mean it to sound that way. That's not really how I feel, but I'm so glad you brought it to my attention.' — Julie Freischlag (opinion) [Ep 2 · 45:10](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2710)
- Forgiveness is important on this journey; most people want to improve, and a small percentage are 'hopeless,' but kindness keeps people encouraged to change. — Julie Freischlag (opinion) [Ep 2 · 46:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2760)
- In a wrestling match between your conscious mind and your unconscious mind, your conscious mind will win every time—if you know what your unconscious biases are. — Quinn Capers (opinion) [Ep 2 · 46:51](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2811)
- You are at highest risk for unconscious bias driving decisions during times of high cognitive load (thinking about 3–4 things at once), time crunch (e.g., emergency room), and sleep deprivation (post-call). — Quinn Capers (clinical) [Ep 2 · 47:30](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2850)
- 'Consider the opposite' strategy: before making a decision, force yourself to go back to the data looking for evidence to support the opposite conclusion (e.g., if you think a student can't succeed academically, look for evidence they will). — Quinn Capers (clinical) [Ep 2 · 48:20](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2900)
- The IAT should not be used to screen people out of jobs or committees (that would assign conscious intent to unconscious associations); it should be used to guide education and professional development. — Quinn Capers (opinion) [Ep 2 · 49:30](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=2970)
- The biggest thing that is important in doing a fertility preservation program is having a collaboration of multidisciplinary providers from both the medical and surgical aspects of the patient's care including oncology, surgical aspects, and primary care physicians. — Hefkin (opinion) [Ep 1 · 0:22](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=22)
- Ancillary care team members including care managers from oncology, patient navigators from the fertility team, social work, psychology, genetics, and ethicists help optimize decision making and final outcomes. — Hefkin (clinical) [Ep 1 · 1:20](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=80)
- The fertility navigator role is one of the most important steps in the consultation workflow. — Hefkin (opinion) [Ep 1 · 3:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=180)
- Two oncologists work as part of the fertility preservation program and perform risk assessments instead of the primary oncologist. — Hefkin (clinical) [Ep 1 · 3:40](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=220)
- The oncologist on the fertility team provides risk assessment information to either the gynecologist or urologist depending on whether the consultation is for a male or female patient. — Hefkin (clinical) [Ep 1 · 4:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=240)
- Research coordinators assist with experimental fertility preservation techniques. — Hefkin (clinical) [Ep 1 · 5:20](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=320)
- Every patient should receive a fertility preservation consultation regardless of their risk. — Hefkin (guideline) [Ep 1 · 6:20](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=380)
- Families need to understand why different patients receive different fertility preservation options, which may be due to differences in risk or age. — Hefkin (clinical) [Ep 1 · 6:40](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=400)
- Patient decision aids and shared decision-making tools guide families through the decision-making process by covering available options, timeframes, risks, benefits, and costs of different procedures. — Hefkin (clinical) [Ep 1 · 7:10](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=430)
- Decision aids include considerations such as ethical standpoints, religious considerations, genetics, and social services that patients may find useful. — Hefkin (clinical) [Ep 1 · 7:40](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=460)
- The shared decision-making tools are available for use at other centers. — Hefkin (clinical) [Ep 1 · 8:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=480)
- Educational videos provide a brief introduction to fertility preservation that families can watch prior to consultation, giving them an introduction in an easy-to-understand format. — Hefkin (clinical) [Ep 1 · 8:10](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=490)
- The program has a dedicated website not housed in any of the disciplines that are part of the program, where patients, families, and providers can find information about the program and how to consult the team. — Hefkin (clinical) [Ep 1 · 10:08](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=608)

## Host summaries
Recaps by a host of what the experts said — not the host's own clinical position.
- The systematic review aimed to highlight outcomes of cryopreservation in pediatric female patients with cancer — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 0:11](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-8647?t=11)
- The review included 12 studies with 612 patients total — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 0:20](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-8647?t=20)
- 501 patients underwent ovarian tissue cryopreservation — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 0:26](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-8647?t=26)
- Only 30 of the 501 patients received ovarian tissue transplantation — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 0:31](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-8647?t=31)
- Of the 30 patients who received transplantation, 9 got pregnant — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 0:36](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-8647?t=36)
- Only 6 of the 9 pregnancies resulted in live birth — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 0:40](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-8647?t=40)
- More high quality studies are needed to understand cryopreservation better and improve its outcomes — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 0:43](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/female-fertility-cryopreservation-outcomes-in-childhood-cancer-a-systematic-revi-8647?t=43)
- Dr. Jeff Ponsky's impact on surgical endoscopy has been foundational through academic advancement of technology and technique, mentorship, and leadership in professional organizations like ASGE and SAGES to bring gastroenterology and surgery together in endoscopy. — The host summarizes what Dr. Jeffrey L. Ponsky said [Ep 6 · 11:19](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=679)
- Dr. Ponsky served as director and chair of the American Board of Surgery, president of both ASGE and SAGES, and vice president of the American Surgical Association and SSAT. — The host summarizes what Dr. Jeffrey L. Ponsky said [Ep 6 · 14:36](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=876)
- Dr. Ponsky trained 35 endoscopic surgery fellows who now carry on his legacy. — The host summarizes what Dr. Jeffrey L. Ponsky said [Ep 6 · 14:59](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/acs-icons-in-surgery-jeffrey-l-ponsky-md-facs-13682?t=899)
- Implicit bias is defined by the Kirwan Institute at Ohio State as 'the attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions and decisions in an unconscious manner.' — Mary Brandt summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 4:16](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=256)
- In a study of diverse doctors, minority children were consistently given less pain medicine than white children, with no reason except implicit bias and stereotypes. — Mary Brandt summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 5:30](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=330)
- Social identity is 'the portion of an individual's self-concept derived from perceived membership in a relevant social group' (gender, sexual orientation, etc.). — Mary Brandt summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 17:09](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=1029)
- It has been proven in business that diverse, inclusive teams make more money, make more progress, and attract more people. — Julie Freischlag summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 21:58](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/unconscious-bias-1300?t=1318)
- The body's sperm and egg cells are vulnerable to cancer treatment. — Hefkin summarizing a resource [Ep 1 · 8:40](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=520)
- Fertility preservation is the process of collecting and protecting sperm or egg cells so they are not damaged during cancer treatment. — Hefkin summarizing a resource [Ep 1 · 8:45](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=525)
- Most people start from birth with the ability to have children. — Hefkin summarizing a resource [Ep 1 · 9:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=540)
- The fertility preservation team consists of a fertility navigator, a pediatric oncologist, a pediatric gynecologist for girls, or urologist for boys. — Hefkin summarizing a resource [Ep 1 · 9:10](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=550)
- For young children, the choice to undergo fertility preservation lies with the parent or guardian, but teenagers and young adults can help make the decision after learning all the facts. — Hefkin summarizing a resource [Ep 1 · 9:25](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=565)
- A fertility risk spectrum includes four different factors: chemotherapy type and dose, patient age, timing of cancer therapy, and biological sex. — Hefkin summarizing a resource [Ep 1 · 9:40](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=580)
- As patients get older, their risk of infertility increases, and there are more procedure options once a patient has gone through puberty. — Hefkin summarizing a resource [Ep 1 · 9:45](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=585)
- For boys, fertility preservation options include freezing sperm cells or testicular tissue; for girls, options include freezing eggs, embryos, or ovarian tissue. — Hefkin summarizing a resource [Ep 1 · 9:52](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=592)
- Cryopreservation is the process of freezing cells at an extremely cold temperature, and the cells can be stored for up to years at a time until they are needed. — Hefkin summarizing a resource [Ep 1 · 10:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/keys-to-building-a-successful-interdisciplinary-program-creating-the-903?t=600)

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