Collection
MMIHS
Also covers: lower urinary tract obstruction · LUTO · urethral atresia · posterior urethral valves · mid-urethral hypoplasia · oligohydramnios · anhydramnios · pulmonary hypoplasia
Educational content from recorded physician discussions — not medical advice. Always talk to your child's care team about your child's situation.
Content of this collection
There is no good data that allows prediction of renal injury at gestational ages of 26 or 28 weeks using the established electrolyte cutoffs. — Mark, Overview of Prenatal Diagnosis: Cincinnati Fetal Center · 27:51
Overview of Prenatal Diagnosis: Cincinnati Fetal Center
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Dr. Mark P. Johnson, research chair in fetal therapy, discusses an overview of prenatal diagnosis of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction. Dr. Johnson describes the most common causes of lower urinary tract obstructions, progressive oligoh
video40:34 · Nov 2018
Many babies with LUTO have associated anomalies including myelomeningocele, higher frequency of cardiac disease, and genetic syndromes that would preclude benefit from shunting. — Mark, Prenatal diagnosis of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction: Fetal... · 4:53
Prenatal diagnosis of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction: Fetal...
Watch →
Dr. Mark P. Johnson, research chair in fetal therapy, discusses an overview of prenatal diagnosis of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction. Dr. Johnson describes the most common causes of lower urinary tract obstructions, progressive oligoh
video40:14 · Jan 2019
Common questions
What is MMIHS?
Megacystis-microcolon-hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) is a neurologic defect in bladder and ureteral muscles that prevents contraction and emptying. Affected fetuses present with a massively distended bladder, normal amniotic fluid volume, and thin bladder walls after drainage—because the bladder does not develop the wall thickening typical of complete obstruction. The condition occurs in both females and males but is more common in females. Critically, MMIHS carries extremely poor survival, with most patients not surviving more than a few years. Because the underlying defect is neurologic rather than obstructive, shunting intervention is not indicated.
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Lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) comprises three major etiologies: urethral atresia, posterior urethral valves, and mid-urethral hypoplasia, each with distinct anatomic and prognostic features. Incomplete obstruction drives progressive oligohydramnios, pulmonary hypoplasia, and renal dysplasia—a cascade demonstrated reversible in sheep models by early decompression. Candidate selection for vesico-amniotic shunting requires high-resolution ultrasound, karyotype (chromosomal abnormalities are common), confirmation of male sex, and serial bladder taps at 48-hour intervals after 18 weeks to assess urinary electrolytes (Na <100, Cl <90, osmolarity <210, β2-microglobulin <6 mg/dL). Cortical cysts indicate irreversible injury and contraindicate intervention. The PLUTO trial—underpowered with only 31 patients—suggested a threefold survival benefit from shunting, driven by reduced pulmonary hypoplasia, though confidence intervals crossed unity. Long-term renal outcomes remain sobering: 40–50% achieve normal function, one-third require dialysis or transplant. Megacystis-microcolon-hypoperistalsis syndrome and cloacal dysgenesis are absolute contraindications; normal amniotic fluid volume or female karyotype should prompt reconsideration.
- Serial bladder taps (48-hour intervals, ≥18 weeks) with electrolyte thresholds (Na <100, Cl <90, osmolarity <210) predict shunt candidacy; first tap is unreliable.
- PLUTO trial showed threefold survival increase with shunting (driven by reduced pulmonary hypoplasia), but underpowered (31 patients) and statistically non-significant.
- Long-term renal function after shunting: 40–50% normal, one-third require dialysis/transplant; only 2 of 7 PLUTO survivors had normal function at age 2.
- Cortical cysts indicate irreversible dysplasia and contraindicate shunting; increased echogenicity alone reflects compression and may reverse with decompression.
- Megacystis-microcolon-hypoperistalsis syndrome (thin bladder walls, normal fluid, female or neurologic phenotype) and cloacal dysgenesis are absolute contraindications to shunting.
For patients & families
MMIHS (megacystis-microcolon-hypoperistalsis syndrome) is a rare condition affecting the bladder and intestines that doctors sometimes see when evaluating babies before birth who have very large bladders . In MMIHS, the muscles in the bladder and ureters don't contract properly, so the bladder becomes massively distended even though the amniotic fluid around the baby stays normal . After doctors drain the bladder, the walls appear very thin . This condition is different from other causes of large bladders in unborn babies—it's a neurologic problem with how the muscles work rather than a physical blockage . Physicians explained that MMIHS is one of the situations where placing a shunt (a small tube to drain the bladder) is not helpful because the underlying problem is different . Doctors look for clues like a massively enlarged bladder combined with normal amniotic fluid to help identify this condition [e919-c14, e919-c36]. Unfortunately, survival with MMIHS is extremely poor, with most affected babies not surviving . When doctors evaluate babies with large bladders before birth, distinguishing MMIHS from other causes helps families understand what to expect and guides decisions about treatment [e919-c14, e919-c36].
MMIHS (megacystis-microcolon-hypoperistalsis syndrome) is a rare condition affecting the bladder and intestines that doctors sometimes see when evaluating babies before birth who have very large bladders . In MMIHS, the muscles in the bladder and ureters don't contract properly, so the bladder becomes massively distended even though the amniotic fluid around the baby stays normal . After doctors drain the bladder, the walls appear very thin . This condition is different from other causes of large bladders in unborn babies—it's a neurologic problem with how the muscles work rather than a physical blockage . Physicians explained that MMIHS is one of the situations where placing a shunt (a small tube to drain the bladder) is not helpful because the underlying problem is different . Doctors look for clues like a massively enlarged bladder combined with normal amniotic fluid to help identify this condition [e919-c14, e919-c36]. Unfortunately, survival with MMIHS is extremely poor, with most affected babies not surviving . When doctors evaluate babies with large bladders before birth, distinguishing MMIHS from other causes helps families understand what to expect and guides decisions about treatment [e919-c14, e919-c36].
Expert statements from the recordings in this collection.
Prenatal diagnosis of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction: Fetal...
The three major causes of LUTO are urethral atresia (complete obstruction with no communication from bladder neck through urethra), posterior urethral valves (flap of tissue in proximal urethra), and mid-urethral hypoplasia (significant tapering and narrowing).
Mark0:32
Incomplete urethral obstruction leads to progressive oligohydramnios until anhydramnios develops.
Mark1:30
Oligohydramnios causes physical deformations including joint contractures, ear flattening, and Potter's phenotype, and leads to pulmonary hypoplasia by interfering with chest expansion.
Mark1:41
Obstruction generates pressure to the kidneys causing severe hydronephrosis, collecting system dilation, and progressive renal fibrocystic dysplasia resulting in renal failure after birth.
Mark1:58
The San Francisco group's sheep model demonstrated that early ureteral ligation produced fibrocystic dysplasia identical to human LUTO, with earlier and longer obstruction causing greater kidney damage.
Mark2:58
Early mid-gestational reversal of obstruction in the sheep model prevented progressive dysplastic changes and preserved kidney function.
Mark3:33
Many babies with LUTO have associated anomalies including myelomeningocele, higher frequency of cardiac disease, and genetic syndromes that would preclude benefit from shunting.
Mark4:53
A significant portion of LUTO fetuses have chromosomal abnormalities including major trisomies and Klinefelter syndrome.
Mark5:36
Female fetuses with large bladder-like structures are usually cloacal abnormalities and do not benefit from shunting due to different pathophysiology.
Mark5:53
Renal function evaluation requires complete bladder drainage on several occasions to measure sodium, chloride, calcium, osmolarity, total proteins, and beta-2 microglobulin as markers of tubular and glomerular injury.
Mark6:17
Increased kidney echogenicity represents compression of renal parenchyma rather than being a poor prognostic sign per se; following bladder drainage, kidneys re-expand and show more normal echogenicity.
Mark8:10
Hydronephrosis pathophysiology involves the collecting system (like a water balloon) compressing the renal parenchyma (like a sponge) against the serosa (like a glass fishbowl), impairing delicate vasculature and causing cell death, fibrosis, and cystic dysplasia.
Mark8:49
The presence of cortical cysts indicates irreversible kidney damage and the kidney is not amenable to in utero therapy.
Mark10:18
Good prognostic urine values for potential survival with shunting are: sodium <100 mEq/L, chloride <90 mEq/L, osmolarity <210 mOsm, calcium <8 mg/dL, beta-2 microglobulin <6 mg/L, and total protein <40 mg/dL.
Mark18:00
Fetuses with values above the prognostic thresholds showed significant fibrotic kidney injury on autopsy, while those below showed very little or early potentially salvageable changes.
Mark18:28
The first urine specimen from bladder tap is not predictive or reliable due to degradation products and osmotic gradients; the third or fourth tap after serial drainages has much higher predictive value for detecting kidney injury.
Mark19:05
Improving urine values across serial taps (e.g., sodium dropping from poor to good range) indicates an excellent shunting candidate, while worsening values indicate ongoing irreversible damage.
Mark20:18
Bladder morphology after drainage correlates with etiology: urethral atresia shows symmetric thick-walled bladder with difficult keyhole; posterior urethral valves show elongated bladder with more proximal thickening; mid-urethral hypoplasia shows 'snowman appearance' with smooth muscle deficiency in upper bladder.
Mark21:19
All electrolyte cutoff thresholds are based on urines analyzed between 18 to 22 weeks gestation and cannot be reliably used before 18 weeks or after 22 weeks without adjustment.
Mark26:18
The primary goal of fetal intervention is to prevent pulmonary hypoplasia secondary to oligohydramnios; preservation of renal and bladder function are secondary goals.
The PLUTO trial randomized only 31 patients over 4 years (20% of planned 150), showing apparent 3-fold increase in survival with shunting but results were not statistically significant with confidence intervals crossing unity.
All 12 deaths in the PLUTO trial were from pulmonary hypoplasia, suggesting improved survival may relate to decreased lung hypoplasia.
Only 7 of 12 live-born shunted babies in PLUTO were alive at age 2, and only 2 of the shunted survivors had normal renal function.
All 3 conservatively managed survivors in PLUTO had significant renal impairment.
Across 6 long-term outcome studies of shunted LUTO cases, survival rates are consistent at approximately 47-70%, but only 40-50% of survivors have normal renal function and approximately one-third require dialysis or transplant.
Some LUTO cases can resolve spontaneously, as demonstrated by a case where a baby began voiding and refilling amniotic fluid by 19 weeks with recollection by 23 weeks without intervention.
Spontaneous bladder decompression can occur through bladder rupture (usually after drainage, rarely spontaneous) resulting in urinary ascites or perinephric urinoma.
Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome and cloacal dysgenesis are contraindications to shunting intervention.
Overview of Prenatal Diagnosis: Cincinnati Fetal Center
The three major causes of LUTO are urethral atresia (complete obstruction with no communication from bladder neck through urethra), posterior urethral valves (flap of tissue in proximal urethra), and mid-urethral hypoplasia (significant tapering and narrowing that becomes progressive obstruction as pelvic anatomy matures).
Mark0:44
In complete urethral obstruction, progressive oligohydramnios leads to anhydramnios, causing physical deformations (joint contractures, ear flattening, Potter's phenotype), pulmonary hypoplasia due to inability to expand and contract chest, and severe hydronephrosis with progressive renal fibrocystic dysplasia resulting in renal failure after birth.
Mark1:41