# Posterior Urethral Valves — GCMD Library living collection

Everything in the library about posterior urethral valves — built automatically from dossiers that name it.

Updated: n/a · 5 episodes · 165 cited statements

## Episodes
### Surgical Management
- [Urologic intervention: Cincinnati Fetal Center](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624) — video · 28:17 · [machine version](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624.md)
- [Urologic Fetal Intervention: Cincinnati Fetal Center](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745) — video · 61:40 · [machine version](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745.md)
- [Renal transplantation: Fetal Genitourinary Disease 2015](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915) — video · 13:44 · [machine version](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915.md)
- [Fetal urological aspect: Fetal Genitourinary Disease 2015](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917) — video · 59:23 · [machine version](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917.md)

### Long-Term Care
- [Fetal management of advanced chronic kidney disease: Fetal Genitourinary...](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916) — video · 34:05 · [machine version](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916.md)

## Chapters
- [0:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=0) Postnatal Management of Posterior Urethral Valves: Team-Based Approach and Urologic Goals (Ep 1)
- [13:12](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=792) Panel Discussion: Prenatal Imaging, Echogenicity, and Predictive Value (Ep 1)
- [19:18](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1158) Clinical Case Discussion: Atonic Bladder Management and Fertility in PUV Survivors (Ep 1)
- [24:52](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1492) Closing Remarks and Upcoming Fetal Urology Workshop (Ep 1)
- [0:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=0) Introduction and Pressure Physiology in Fetal Bladder Obstruction (Ep 2)
- [7:26](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=446) Fetoscopic Cystoscopy: Rationale and Early Evidence (Ep 2)
- [14:33](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=873) Cincinnati Case Presentation: Urethral Stent Placement (Ep 2)
- [25:27](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=1527) Debate: Serial Bladder Taps and Patient Selection (Ep 2)
- [37:31](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=2251) Open Fetal Vesicostomy: Indications and Controversy (Ep 2)
- [49:15](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=2955) Long-Term Renal Outcomes and Postnatal Bladder Management (Ep 2)
- [58:27](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=3507) Closing Pearls: Selection, Honesty, and Future Directions (Ep 2)
- [0:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=0) Early surgical interventions: G-tube and PD catheter placement (Ep 3)
- [3:28](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=208) Infant renal transplantation technique and complications (Ep 3)
- [6:40](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=400) G-tube placement strategy and anatomic considerations (Ep 3)
- [0:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=0) Pulmonary Survival in Fetal Genitourinary Disease (Ep 4)
- [6:10](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=370) Case Presentation: Severe Posterior Urethral Valves with Recovery (Ep 4)
- [12:43](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=763) Medical Management of Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease in Infants (Ep 4)
- [17:35](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1055) Chronic Kidney Disease Staging and Guidelines in Infants (Ep 4)
- [21:03](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1263) Dialysis Indications and Transplant Planning (Ep 4)
- [25:35](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1535) Q&A: Pulmonary Prognosis, Peritonitis Management, and Nutrition (Ep 4)
- [0:01](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=1) Introduction: Indications and Contraindications for Fetal Intervention in Urinary Tract Obstruction (Ep 5)
- [7:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=420) Fetoscopic Cystoscopy: Rationale and Early Evidence (Ep 5)
- [12:42](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=762) Technical Aspects and Case Presentation of Fetoscopic Intervention (Ep 5)
- [20:40](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=1240) Debate: Shunt Decompression vs. Pressure Theory (Ep 5)
- [28:16](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=1696) Serial Vesicocentesis: Utility and Controversy (Ep 5)
- [38:16](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=2296) Open Fetal Vesicostomy: Indications and Outcomes (Ep 5)
- [46:04](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=2764) Long-Term Outcomes and Progressive Renal Injury (Ep 5)
- [53:16](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=3196) Closing Pearls: Patient Selection and Realistic Counseling (Ep 5)

## Statements
Every statement is attributed, typed, and timestamped; the link is the citation.
- "In adult studies, bladder pressure exceeding 40 cm H₂O (29 mmHg) causes renal injury and abolishes net glomerular filtration." — Pramod Reddy (clinical) [Ep 2 · 4:49](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=289)
- "Safe bladder pressures for fetal kidneys are unknown; adult thresholds are used by extrapolation." — Pramod Reddy (clinical) [Ep 2 · 5:13](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=313)
- "Vesicoamniotic shunts have not improved renal outcomes because the long, thin tubes do not adequately reduce bladder pressure; they provide pulmonary survivors but not renal protection." — Pramod Reddy (clinical) [Ep 2 · 4:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=240)
- "Intravillous pressure that occludes venous flow in the placenta is approximately 23 mmHg; resting amniotic fluid pressure is 5–8 mmHg." — Todd Ponsky (clinical) [Ep 2 · 5:43](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=343)
- "When a vesicoamniotic shunt is placed, the bladder often collapses and upper tracts decompress significantly, though residual hydroureteronephrosis may persist." — Greg Tiao (clinical) [Ep 2 · 7:38](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=458)
- "Fetoscopic cystoscopy altered the diagnosis in 25–33% of fetuses with suspected LUTO, according to a review by Katie Morris." — Greg Tiao (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 11:35](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=695)
- "A French-Brazilian-Houston study of 111 LUTO fetuses found that only cystoscopy (not shunting) may prevent renal function impairment at 6 months of age." — Greg Tiao (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 12:09](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=729)
- "In a Barcelona-Leuven series of 20 fetoscopic valve ablations, bladder size and amniotic fluid normalized in 80% of cases; among livebirths, there was no pulmonary hypoplasia and three-quarters had normal renal function." — Greg Tiao (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 12:55](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=775)
- "Fetoscopic valve ablation carries a 9–10% risk of urethral fistula and a 6% risk of recurrent severe LUTO." — Greg Tiao (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 13:36](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=816)
- "Vesicoamniotic shunt complications include migration, blockage, and (rarely) iatrogenic gastroschisis when placed at 17 weeks." — Greg Tiao (clinical) [Ep 2 · 14:06](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=846)
- "The Cincinnati team uses a 3.3 Fr outer sheath fetoscope (1.2 mm scope) with a side port for guidewire passage during cystoscopy." — Foong Yen Lim (clinical) [Ep 2 · 30:01](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=1801)
- "A flexible 4.9 Fr ureteroscope can be introduced through a 10 Fr sheath to improve maneuverability when accessing the fetal bladder neck and posterior urethra." — Pramod Reddy (clinical) [Ep 2 · 30:18](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=1818)
- "Fetoscopic procedures for LUTO can be performed under epidural anesthesia with IV sedation and local anesthetic, avoiding the deep uterine relaxation required for open fetal surgery." — Foong Yen Lim (clinical) [Ep 2 · 24:13](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=1453)
- "Fetal anesthesia for fetoscopy includes intramuscular vecuronium, atropine, and fentanyl to prevent fetal movement and mitigate pain response." — Todd Ponsky (clinical) [Ep 2 · 24:57](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=1497)
- "Serial bladder taps carry a risk of bladder rupture and urinary ascites, which can preclude subsequent fetoscopic intervention." — Foong Yen Lim (clinical) [Ep 2 · 22:42](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=1362)
- "The Pluto trial removed bladder taps from its protocol because data suggested the most powerful effect of shunting is in poor-prognosis fetuses, and even good-prognosis fetuses have ~50% risk of bad renal function postnatally." — Todd Ponsky (host_summary) [Ep 2 · 34:19](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=2059)
- "In Mark Johnson's historical studies, the third vesicocentesis provided fresher urine that correlated strongly with histologic renal damage; the first and second taps were not predictive." — Greg Tiao (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 34:57](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=2097)
- "In a long-term follow-up series, one-third of shunted LUTO survivors developed end-stage renal disease requiring transplant after age 5 years, despite having acceptable discharge creatinine." — Greg Tiao (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 49:58](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=2998)
- "Posterior urethral valve patients required transplant at median age 10–12 years; prune belly/urethral hypoplasia at ~4.5 years; urethral atresia earlier." — Greg Tiao (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 51:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=3084)
- "Progressive renal injury in shunted LUTO survivors is driven by repeated urinary tract infections, vesicoureteral reflux, and valve bladder dysfunction." — Greg Tiao (clinical) [Ep 2 · 52:13](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=3133)
- "Creatinine at hospital discharge is misleading; creatinine at age 1 year is a better predictor of long-term renal function. A creatinine <1.0 mg/dL at age 1 suggests the child will not require renal replacement therapy." — Pramod Reddy (clinical) [Ep 2 · 56:52](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=3412)
- "Infants with LUTO triple their birth weight in the first year, revealing the true extent of renal reserve; discharge creatinine does not account for this growth." — Pramod Reddy (clinical) [Ep 2 · 56:52](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=3412)
- "Bladder cycling enabled by fetoscopic valve ablation is physiologically important for bladder health, not for upper-tract protection." — Pramod Reddy (clinical) [Ep 2 · 16:39](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=999)
- "A urethral fistula from fetoscopic laser ablation can be repaired surgically with minimal morbidity, whereas renal dysplasia cannot be reversed." — Pramod Reddy (opinion) [Ep 2 · 17:57](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=1077)
- "Posterior urethral valves can sometimes be ablated by blunt mechanical disruption (guidewire and catheter) rather than laser, because the valves are flimsy." — Pramod Reddy (clinical) [Ep 2 · 18:30](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=1110)
- "Cincinnati performed open fetal vesicostomy in six anhydramniotic fetuses; four died from preterm delivery, one has normal renal function at age 5, and one required transplant." — Pramod Reddy (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 41:33](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=2493)
- "Open fetal vesicostomy predisposes the mother to shortened gestation (~10 additional weeks) and very high risk of preterm labor." — Pramod Reddy (clinical) [Ep 2 · 41:06](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=2466)
- "Greg Ryan argues there is no role for open fetal surgery in LUTO, especially in the worst-prognosis group, given the maternal and fetal risks and the experimental nature of the procedure." — Greg Tiao (opinion) [Ep 2 · 43:12](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=2592)
- "Foong Yen Lim proposes that open fetal vesicostomy should be considered only in good-prognosis fetuses who fail fetoscopic intervention, not in the sickest cohort." — Foong Yen Lim (opinion) [Ep 2 · 45:39](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=2739)
- "Current algorithms reserve the most invasive interventions (open vesicostomy) for the worst-prognosis fetuses, which may be flawed because these patients are least likely to benefit and most likely to suffer maternal and fetal harm." — Pramod Reddy (opinion) [Ep 2 · 38:44](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=2324)
- "Better biomarkers of fetal renal function are urgently needed to guide intervention selection and predict outcomes." — Pramod Reddy (opinion) [Ep 2 · 47:57](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=2877)
- "Polyuria from fetal concentrating defects causes high bladder storage pressures, which damage the upper tracts in a vicious cycle; aggressive postnatal bladder management is required to break this cycle." — Pramod Reddy (clinical) [Ep 2 · 57:31](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=3451)
- "Mark Johnson's closing pearl: patient selection is the most critical factor in fetal intervention for LUTO." — Greg Tiao (opinion) [Ep 2 · 58:46](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=3526)
- "Greg Ryan's closing pearl: just because a procedure can be done does not mean it should be done; honest counseling about outcomes is essential." — Greg Tiao (opinion) [Ep 2 · 60:04](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=3604)
- "Fetoscopic cystoscopy must be considered experimental for LUTO until properly evaluated in a rigorous trial." — Greg Tiao (guideline) [Ep 2 · 11:58](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=718)
- "Not all fetuses with urinary tract obstruction are candidates for intervention; those too healthy (normal AFI, non-obstructive dilation, unilateral UPJ) or too sick (cystic dysplasia, abnormal karyotype, multiple anomalies) should not be offered fetal surgery." — Pramod Reddy (guideline) [Ep 2 · 2:04](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-fetal-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-745?t=124)
- "Not all fetuses with urinary tract obstruction are candidates for intervention; some are too healthy (normal AFI, non-obstructive dilation, unilateral UPJ obstruction) where intervention risk outweighs benefit." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 0:14](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=14)
- "Some fetuses are too sick for intervention to provide benefit (renal cystic dysplasia, abnormal urinary parameters, abnormal karyotype, multiple congenital anomalies)." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 0:56](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=56)
- "Vesicoamniotic shunts have not lived up to their promise because they are long thin tubes with high resistance; while they allow urine reflux for lung development, they do not adequately relieve pressure causing upper tract injury." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 2:09](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=129)
- "In adults, bladder pressure exceeding 40 cm H2O (29 mmHg) injures kidneys and eliminates net glomerular filtration." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 2:58](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=178)
- "Safe bladder pressure thresholds for fetal kidney development are unknown and should be studied by measuring opening pressure during vesicocentesis." (opinion) [Ep 5 · 3:22](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=202)
- "Intravillous pressure that occludes venous flow in the placenta is about 23 mmHg; resting amniotic fluid pressure is 5-8 mmHg." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 3:51](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=231)
- "Shunts have provided pulmonary survivors but have not significantly improved renal outcomes; fetoscopic and open vesicostomy approaches that reduce bladder pressure to near-zero may offer better renal preservation." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 4:56](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=296)
- "When a shunt is placed and the bladder collapses, upper tracts (ureters, renal pelvis) significantly decompress to near-normal appearance." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 5:53](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=353)
- "Even after bladder decompression with shunts, residual hydroureteronephrosis persists in some cases, suggesting incomplete pressure relief." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 7:41](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=461)
- "Fetoscopic cystoscopy may be superior to shunting because it allows cyclical voiding (more physiologic drainage), determines etiology (PUV vs. atresia), avoids amnioinfusion complications, and avoids shunt migration/blockage." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 9:06](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=546)
- "Cystoscopy altered the diagnosis in 25-33% of fetuses with suspected LUTO." (host_summary) [Ep 5 · 9:56](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=596)
- "In a French/Brazilian/Houston series of 111 LUTO fetuses (60 no intervention, 16 shunted, 34 cystoscopy), both interventions improved 6-month survival, but only cystoscopy may prevent renal function impairment at 6 months." (host_summary) [Ep 5 · 10:25](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=625)
- "In a Barcelona/Leuven series of fetal cystoscopy with laser valve ablation, urethra was accessed in nearly all cases, bladder size and amniotic fluid normalized in 80%, and among livebirths, none had pulmonary hypoplasia and three-quarters had normal renal function." (host_summary) [Ep 5 · 11:21](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=681)
- "Fetoscopic cystoscopy creates a urological fistula in 9-10% of cases and causes recurrent severe LUTO in about 6%." (host_summary) [Ep 5 · 11:49](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=709)
- "Shunt complications include migration (can end up around the cord) and gastroschisis when placed at 17 weeks." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 12:16](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=736)
- "Bladder cycling enabled by fetoscopic procedures is important for bladder health, not upper tract protection; the main renal benefit comes from pressure reduction via a normal urethral lumen." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 14:25](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=865)
- "A 10% risk of urological fistula from laser ablation is preferable to renal dysplasia because fistulas can be surgically repaired postnatally with minimal morbidity." (opinion) [Ep 5 · 16:08](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=968)
- "Posterior urethral valves can sometimes be bluntly ablated by pushing a catheter through with a guide wire because the valves are flimsy." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 16:39](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=999)
- "Hydrodistention alone is unlikely to rupture posterior urethral valves; if it could, the pressure in the obstructed urinary tract should already blow them open." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 16:56](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=1016)
- "Fetoscopic cystoscopy technique uses a 3.3mm outer sheath fetoscope (1.2mm scope) with side port for guide wire, sometimes switching to a 4.9 French flexible ureteroscope for better maneuverability to access the bladder neck." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 28:11](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=1691)
- "Three serial bladder taps are not necessary if the first and second show favorable values (at or below threshold on first, clearly below on second); additional taps risk bladder rupture and ascites." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 20:52](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=1252)
- "The first bladder drainage reflects urine that has been sitting in the bladder and is not predictive; the second is also not predictive; the third provides fresher urine with better correlation to underlying renal injury." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 33:29](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=2009)
- "The PLUTO trial removed bladder taps from their protocol, but the trial had many flaws including lack of patient selection based on urine parameters." (opinion) [Ep 5 · 32:28](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=1948)
- "Fetoscopic procedures can be performed with epidural plus IV sedation and local anesthetic rather than deep general anesthesia, reducing maternal anesthetic risk compared to open fetal surgery." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 22:23](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=1343)
- "Fetal anesthesia for fetoscopic procedures uses intramuscular vecuronium, atropine, and fentanyl to prevent fetal movement and mitigate pain response." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 23:06](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=1386)
- "Open fetal vesicostomy was pioneered by Harrison in 1982 with fetal ureterostomies; he later reported 8 open vesicostomies with 100% technical success but 50% mortality, leading him to stop the procedure." (host_summary) [Ep 5 · 38:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=2304)
- "Cincinnati Children's Hospital experience with open fetal vesicostomy: 6 cases offered to families with anhydramnios, 4 fetal deaths (all preterm deliveries), 2 survivors. One 5-year-old has normal creatinine and bladder function with solitary kidney; the other required transplant." (epidemiological) [Ep 5 · 39:01](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=2341)
- "Open fetal intervention predisposes to very shortened gestational age (about 10 more weeks maximum) and the operated uterus is highly unstable with high risk of preterm labor." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 39:33](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=2373)
- "There is no role for open fetal surgery for LUTO; offering the highest-risk procedure to the sickest patients exposes mothers to maximum harm for minimal fetal benefit and increases prematurity risk that further compromises already-damaged kidneys." (opinion) [Ep 5 · 41:35](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=2495)
- "Open fetal vesicostomy should be considered only in patients with good prenatal prognostic profile who have failed fetoscopic intervention, not in the worst-prognosis patients." (opinion) [Ep 5 · 44:19](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=2659)
- "In long-term follow-up (5-12 years) of shunted LUTO patients, 92% survived, 45% had normal renal function, 22% had mild insufficiency not requiring intervention, but 33% developed end-stage renal disease requiring transplantation." (epidemiological) [Ep 5 · 48:08](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=2888)
- "Among long-term survivors, 67% could spontaneously void, while 33% required intermittent catheterization or continuous catheterization." (epidemiological) [Ep 5 · 49:07](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=2947)
- "Time to transplant varies by diagnosis: posterior urethral valves at 10-12 years, prune belly/urethral hypoplasia at 4.5 years, urethral atresia earlier." (epidemiological) [Ep 5 · 49:42](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=2982)
- "Children who progressed to end-stage renal disease had acceptable discharge creatinine but developed progressive injury from repeated infections, severe reflux, and valve bladder dysfunction over subsequent years." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 50:05](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=3005)
- "Creatinine at hospital discharge is misleading; creatinine at age 1 year is a better prognostic indicator. If creatinine at age 1 is less than 1.0, the child likely will not need renal replacement therapy; if above 1.0, there is high probability of needing dialysis or transplant." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 54:54](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=3294)
- "Infants with LUTO triple their birth weight in the first year, revealing true renal reserve; discharge creatinine reflects a 3-5 kg body mass, but by age 1 they are 10-15 kg, generating 2-3 times more creatinine and potentially overwhelming marginal kidney function." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 53:39](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=3219)
- "The bladder initiates upper tract damage and is often underestimated; even with minimal kidney injury, concentrating defects cause polyuria, which damages the bladder, raises storage pressures, and creates a vicious cycle of progressive renal injury." (clinical) [Ep 5 · 55:40](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=3340)
- "Patient selection is the most critical factor for any fetal intervention; early shunting experience included inappropriate candidates with aneuploidy and major anomalies." (opinion) [Ep 5 · 56:59](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=3419)
- "Open fetal surgery for LUTO should only target fetuses with very high potential for success, not those with significant evidence of injury; the procedure has 4% loss rate and significant prematurity rate." (opinion) [Ep 5 · 57:46](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=3466)
- "Fetoscopic cystoscopy needs proper evaluation to avoid repeating the mistakes of the PLUTO trial; just because a procedure can be done does not mean it should be done." (opinion) [Ep 5 · 58:27](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-urological-aspect-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-917?t=3507)
- "Infants who make urine are not likely to need peritoneal dialysis immediately but will likely need it in the future" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:25](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=25)
- "When placing both G-tube and PD catheter together, the PD catheter should be left alone for a couple of weeks if possible" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:45](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=45)
- "Gastrostomy tube placement should focus on the lesser curvature to preserve the stomach for potential future bladder augmentation" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:54](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=54)
- "Hemodialysis catheters need to be fairly large caliber and placement should stay as much as possible to the right internal jugular site because that is a straight shot into the atrium" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 2:11](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=131)
- "Inguinal and umbilical hernias can develop when babies are on peritoneal dialysis" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 2:56](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=176)
- "If hernias are not affecting the mechanics of dialysis and not particularly symptomatic, they tend to be left alone" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 2:56](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=176)
- "The ideal weight for infant renal transplant is around 10 kg if not on PD" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 4:01](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=241)
- "Infants on PD can be transplanted closer to 8 kg because they have a more accommodating abdominal cavity and laxity in the abdominal wall" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 4:01](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=241)
- "All infant recipients have been transplanted with adult donors" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 4:17](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=257)
- "An extraperitoneal approach is used for infant renal transplantation with an incision extending to the upper edge close to the costal margin" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 4:32](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=272)
- "The biggest complication from a general surgical perspective in infant renal transplants are wound complications as opposed to vascular complications" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 4:59](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=299)
- "Some infants can only have skin closed initially and develop leaks or dehiscence requiring biologic mesh (such as derma matrix) for closure" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 5:08](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=308)
- "In a 13-year follow-up of G-tubes in babies, they all migrate up onto the chest" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 7:14](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=434)
- "Placing G-tube too close to PD catheter creates infection risk early on because there is not enough space between sites and drainage can get underneath the PD catheter dressing" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 7:47](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=467)
- "Standard G-tube insertion site is 2 finger breadths below the costal margin" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 8:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=504)
- "In small babies, G-tube should be placed 3 or 4 finger breadths below costal margin because it will rise up with growth" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 8:32](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=512)
- "G-tube location should be high up on the stomach towards lesser curvature to allow ability to use gastric segment for gastric augmentation later in life" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 8:46](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=526)
- "Some babies with posterior urethral valves will need urinary diversion with vesicostomy about 1-2 finger breadths below the umbilicus, requiring G-tube placement away from this site to mitigate infection risk" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 9:06](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=546)
- "PD catheters can be placed to allow immediate use with lower volumes rather than waiting 3-7 days" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 11:20](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=680)
- "Many babies with bladder outlet obstruction have small stomachs, possibly related to minimum amniotic fluid during development" (host_summary) [Ep 3 · 11:43](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=703)
- "Amnioinfusions are performed when patients present for first imaging to assess the baby's capacity to swallow and see if the stomach fills" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 12:23](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=743)
- "In fetal imaging, bladder and bladder wall thickness and isthmus are always measured" (clinical) [Ep 3 · 12:49](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=769)
- "Early onset large bladders that extend up and push the diaphragm and stomach back may cause anatomic distortion that results in stomachs ending up higher long term" (opinion) [Ep 3 · 13:16](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/renal-transplantation-fetal-genitourinary-disease-2015-915?t=796)
- "In fetal genitourinary disease, pulmonary survival is the critical first question that determines whether renal outcomes matter, yet it is frequently overlooked in discussions focused on kidney function." (opinion) [Ep 4 · 0:28](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=28)
- "When amniotic fluid levels are restored to normal through shunting or amnioinfusion, the likelihood of pulmonary survival increases significantly to approximately 80%." (clinical) [Ep 4 · 1:36](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=96)
- "If amniotic fluid levels are not returned to normal despite intervention, pulmonary outcomes are poor." (clinical) [Ep 4 · 2:03](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=123)
- "Determining pulmonary survivor status after delivery is complex because multiple postnatal factors can affect outcomes: sepsis-related lung injury, nutritional status affecting lung growth, and ventilator-induced barotrauma." (clinical) [Ep 4 · 3:12](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=192)
- "Being a pulmonary survivor does not mean normal respiratory function; many infants have reduced lung reserve similar to reduced renal reserve and can rapidly decompensate with additional injury." (clinical) [Ep 4 · 4:27](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=267)
- "Some infants with prenatal renal problems who had amniotic fluid replacement and normal fluid levels still developed chronic lung disease after delivery, demonstrating they are not respiratory-normal." (clinical) [Ep 4 · 4:51](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=291)
- "Any kind of urine output, even poor-quality urine that is mostly water without cleared metabolites, is much better than no urine for both prenatal and postnatal management." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 9:26](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=566)
- "Infants with obstructive uropathy often have a concentrating defect and produce large volumes of urine, which may be poor quality but is still beneficial as fluid." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 9:46](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=586)
- "Lower urinary tract management in infants with obstructive uropathy requires collaboration with pediatric urologists and includes antibiotic prophylaxis, bladder irrigations, and bladder pressure management with anticholinergics and catheterization programs." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 12:48](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=768)
- "Obstructive uropathy bladders can have very high pressure and can change over time, requiring regular urodynamic studies and potentially changing management strategies." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 13:40](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=820)
- "Infants with chronic kidney disease from obstructive uropathy typically do not have significant hypertension because they have high urine output and are not volume overloaded, and they lose sodium due to tubular dysfunction." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 14:33](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=873)
- "Chronic kidney disease management in infants requires supplementation of erythropoietin and iron to prevent anemia, which has negative cognitive, energy, and quality-of-life effects." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 15:13](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=913)
- "Untreated secondary hyperparathyroidism from advanced CKD impairs bone and skeletal health, which is especially problematic in growing children." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 15:47](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=947)
- "Advanced chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis often causes metabolic acidosis, which is harmful to growth and well-being and requires buffering with citrate supplementation." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 16:03](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=963)
- "Specialized nutrition management in infant CKD includes formula modification and pre-treatment with potassium-binding resins to prevent hyperkalemia." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 16:20](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=980)
- "Infants with advanced CKD have feeding and swallowing difficulties and require occupational therapy, physical therapy, and feeding team involvement for developmental support." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 16:44](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1004)
- "Standard chronic kidney disease staging based on GFR does not apply to children under 2 years of age because normal infants spend their first year developing normal kidney function, with GFR rising from about 50 at one month to about 100 by one year." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 18:25](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1105)
- "Guideline writers accept that GFR criteria for CKD staging don't apply to children less than 2 years of age; these children can only be categorized as having normal, moderately reduced, or very severely reduced age-adjusted GFR." — Jan Scober (host_summary) [Ep 4 · 19:36](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1176)
- "Dialysis for small children remains challenging but has improved in outcomes and feasibility and should be discussed with families on an individualized basis." — Jan Scober (host_summary) [Ep 4 · 20:37](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1237)
- "The decision to initiate dialysis is based on failed chronic kidney disease management—inability to support growth (including head circumference) or medically manage hyperkalemia or metabolic acidosis—not on creatinine level alone." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 21:39](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1299)
- "Peritoneal dialysis is the modality of choice for infant dialysis because it is the technically least difficult approach in small children." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 22:22](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1342)
- "Peritoneal dialysis introduces a major additional layer of complexity and quality-of-life burden for parents, who are typically taught to perform dialysis at home." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 23:04](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1384)
- "When counseling parents about infant dialysis, the focus should be on the length of time it may be needed (until the child reaches transplantable size at 8-10 kg, typically in the second year of life) and the complexity of the therapy package." — Jan Scober (opinion) [Ep 4 · 23:26](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1406)
- "Parents typically report that when their baby requires complex care including dialysis, one parent usually stops working and caring for the baby becomes their full-time job." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 23:47](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1427)
- "Residual urine output is a major advantage in managing fluid balance during dialysis; it is very difficult to manage fluid balance with dialysis alone without some residual diuresis." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 24:11](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1451)
- "It is difficult to justify placing a patient on chronic dialysis without some prospect of transplantation, as this creates a never-ending one-way street that becomes very challenging." — Jan Scober (opinion) [Ep 4 · 24:26](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1466)
- "At this center, infants are typically transplantable at a size between 8 and 10 kg, which usually occurs in the second year of life." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 12:29](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=749)
- "For aggressive pulmonary care in infants with genitourinary disease, whatever respiratory support is needed should be provided for at least the first 3 to 4 days, as many infants requiring high levels of support (including oscillator or pulmonary vasodilators) will begin to improve after this period." (clinical) [Ep 4 · 26:40](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1600)
- "If an infant is not showing signs of stabilizing and improving by 3 to 4 days of life, discussion with parents about the reality that the infant is likely not a pulmonary survivor is necessary." (clinical) [Ep 4 · 27:04](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1624)
- "The question of pulmonary survival may need to be revisited later, most frequently in the setting of sepsis, where infants on peritoneal dialysis who develop infection can progress from room air to ventilator dependence and never be weaned." (clinical) [Ep 4 · 27:39](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1659)
- "When peritoneal dialysis is not available due to peritonitis, short-term hemodialytic strategies can be attempted but are challenging because they require blood priming of circuits and very large catheters in small blood vessels." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 28:58](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1738)
- "Aquaphoresis (ultrafiltration with convective clearance) using slightly smaller catheters than hemodialysis has been successfully used to maintain anuric babies with intraperitoneal problems or those requiring major abdominal surgeries." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 29:16](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1756)
- "Temporary hemodialysis catheters in newborns are difficult to maintain because there is limited catheter design for small children, resulting in excess extravascular catheter length that moves despite securing attempts." (clinical) [Ep 4 · 30:22](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1822)
- "Hemodialysis catheters in newborns are 8 French in size and are limited to jugular vein placement; even tunneled catheters are likely to cause local thrombosis or central circulation stenosis." (clinical) [Ep 4 · 30:44](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1844)
- "Nutrition management is easier in infants with urine output compared to oliguric or anuric infants because formula does not need to be as concentrated." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 31:28](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1888)
- "High-output infants with CKD lose electrolytes including potassium and phosphorus, requiring supplementation of electrolytes that are typically restricted in older CKD patients." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 31:43](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1903)
- "Formula density for infants with CKD is inversely related to urine output volume." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 32:06](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1926)
- "Dietitians calculate required calories for growth and required protein intake while ensuring BUN does not reach dangerously high levels; the inability to provide adequate protein without excessive BUN may necessitate dialysis." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 32:18](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1938)
- "It is relatively unusual to expect infants with advanced CKD to drink spontaneously in amounts sufficient to supply required nutrition." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 32:45](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1965)
- "Breast milk from motivated mothers can be incorporated into specialized formulas that meet the infant's specific nutritional needs; this is typically pumped breast milk." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 33:03](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=1983)
- "The majority of infants with advanced CKD have either an NG tube or gastrostomy tube for feeding, which is maintained even around transplant time for medication administration." — Jan Scober (clinical) [Ep 4 · 33:39](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/fetal-management-of-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-fetal-genitourinary-916?t=2019)
- "Posterior urethral valve management requires a multidisciplinary team both prenatally and postnatally to ensure best outcomes." — Reddy (opinion) [Ep 1 · 0:21](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=21)
- "Cincinnati Children's holds monthly conferences with transplant and nephrology colleagues to review PUV patient outcomes and optimize care toward or away from renal replacement therapy." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 1:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=60)
- "Initial newborn management of PUV includes pulmonary stabilization, correction of electrolyte imbalances, and bladder decompression." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 2:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=120)
- "A feeding tube is preferred over a balloon catheter for bladder decompression in PUV because hypertrophied bladders contract around balloons and obstruct the ureterovesical junctions." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 3:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=180)
- "Diagnostic workup for PUV includes bedside renal ultrasound, VCUG when stable, full neonatal survey, and spinal ultrasound if a sacral dimple is present." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 4:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=240)
- "Some children with normal creatinine at discharge progress to end-stage renal disease because growing children outstrip the reserve capacity of injured kidneys." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 5:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=300)
- "Preventable harm to the upper tracts in PUV includes barotrauma, pressure-related injury, urinary stasis, and urinary tract infections." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 6:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=360)
- "Polyuria from renal injury overdistends the bladder and makes it dysfunctional; overnight catheter drainage is used in these cases but manifests later in life, not as a neonate." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 7:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=420)
- "Social continence is defined as 3-4 hours of dry interval during the day with bladder emptying and 8-9 hours at night without needing to empty." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 8:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=480)
- "Renal ultrasound assesses echo texture/echogenicity, degree of hydronephrosis (SFU grading 0-4), and presence of cystic dysplastic changes." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 9:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=540)
- "SFU grade 0 is no hydronephrosis; grade 1 is <10mm renal pelvis dilation without caliectasis; grade 2 is >10mm pelvis dilation without caliectasis and normal parenchyma; grade 3 is any pelvic caliectasis with normal parenchyma; grade 4 is parenchymal thinning or cystic dysplastic changes." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 10:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=600)
- "Renal echogenicity is compared to liver on the right and spleen on the left; echogenicity equal to liver or spleen is a poor prognostic sign." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 11:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=660)
- "Neonatal creatinine for the first 3 days reflects maternal creatinine; a creatinine of 2 at birth indicates significant renal injury because maternal creatinine is not 2." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 12:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=720)
- "Not all babies suspected of PUV in utero have PUV postnatally; differential includes Eagle-Barrett syndrome, urethral atresia, and high-grade vesicoureteral reflux." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 13:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=780)
- "Endoscopic valve incision is performed when the baby is stable; if too premature or anatomy is abnormal, a vesicostomy is created instead." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 14:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=840)
- "Bladder management is often not given adequate importance, but the bladder is the enemy in PUV care and causes silent progression to end-stage renal disease if not managed appropriately." — Reddy (opinion) [Ep 1 · 15:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=900)
- "High bladder storage pressures in hypertrophied PUV bladders cause upper-tract damage and ongoing bladder injury." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 16:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=960)
- "PUV bladders can evolve to the opposite extreme: large, floppy, atonic bladders (end-stage or teenage valve bladder) that do not empty well." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 17:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1020)
- "Two mechanisms cause bladder decompensation in PUV: high storage pressures and polyuria from upper-tract damage leading to overfilling and poor myogenic contraction." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 18:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1080)
- "Management of high-pressure PUV bladders includes vesicostomy, Ditropan (anticholinergic), alpha blockers for high bladder neck, and low threshold for intermittent catheterization." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 19:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1140)
- "Children with high-grade reflux are started on intermittent catheterization plus anticholinergics to lower bladder pressures and prevent ongoing renal injury." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 20:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1200)
- "Reduction cystoplasty was historically performed for large atonic PUV bladders, but appropriate bladder management with intermittent catheterization allows excess volume to decrease and bladder cycling to improve, making surgery less necessary." — Em Gootee (clinical) [Ep 1 · 13:12](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=792)
- "Highly echogenic or irregularly echogenic kidneys on prenatal ultrasound are more likely to function poorly, but this correlation may reflect recall bias given the high baseline incidence of poor function in PUV." — Greg (epidemiological) [Ep 1 · 14:24](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=864)
- "Early studies attempted to correlate prenatal echogenicity with renal function, but severe pelvic caliectasis at 20-22 weeks compresses parenchyma and may artificially increase echogenicity; decompression can reduce echogenicity significantly." — Mark (clinical) [Ep 1 · 14:49](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=889)
- "Ultrasound echogenicity is a subjective assessment; studies by Katie Morris and the Birmingham Group show that gestational age, echogenicity, and cystic dysplasia do not predict postnatal function as well as hoped." — Greg (epidemiological) [Ep 1 · 15:35](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=935)
- "High-frequency ultrasound transducers now pick up such fine detail that distinguishing true cortical cysts from normal parenchymal architecture or artifact is difficult." — Johnson (clinical) [Ep 1 · 16:13](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=973)
- "Postnatal ultrasound imaging has improved to the point that distinguishing clinically significant findings (e.g., small stones) from artifacts is challenging." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 17:19](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1039)
- "In prenatal consultations, 90+% of imaging that matters is MRI; ultrasounds are barely reviewed." — Ron (opinion) [Ep 1 · 18:01](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1081)
- "MRI is rarely used for isolated bladder outlet obstruction because it does not provide better information than high-quality ultrasound; it is reserved for suspected cloacal malformations where MRI plus ultrasound adds value." — Mark (clinical) [Ep 1 · 19:18](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1158)
- "MRI is not used at all for PUV at some centers because it does not contribute significantly beyond ultrasound findings." — Greg (clinical) [Ep 1 · 19:53](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1193)
- "MRI is shown to families because the large image of the baby helps parents understand the diagnosis better, even if it does not change clinical decision-making." — Mark (opinion) [Ep 1 · 20:30](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1230)
- "MRI-derived lung volumes can help guide families in deciding whether to pursue aggressive fetal intervention, though this is not part of central consultation." — Mark (clinical) [Ep 1 · 21:19](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1279)
- "Autopsy specimens of PUV patients 20 years ago showed very small, abnormally developed prostate glands." (clinical) [Ep 1 · 21:29](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1289)
- "Some fathers with PUV have fathered children with PUV, but at least one required assisted reproductive techniques to achieve pregnancy." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 22:00](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1320)
- "For atonic bladders with poor vesicostomy drainage causing complications, parents can be taught to dilate the vesicostomy with a 16-18 French catheter twice daily to maintain patency and prevent stomal stenosis." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 22:50](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1370)
- "In cases of severe bladder atony with stasis and recurrent infections, parents can catheterize the vesicostomy overnight to decompress the system." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 23:50](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1430)
- "Reduction cystoplasty should remove only enough bladder tissue to avoid needing augmentation later if bladder function improves." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 24:52](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1492)
- "One female patient with cloacal malformation and a 2-liter bladder capacity underwent reduction cystoplasty after part of the bladder necrosed; she has done well postoperatively." — Reddy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 25:49](https://qa.library.globalcastmd.com/watch/urologic-intervention-cincinnati-fetal-center-624?t=1549)

## Changelog
- Sep 15: 1 item added automatically
- Sep 12: 1 item added automatically
- Sep 7: 3 items added automatically

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