Pancreatitis in pediatric patients with pancreatic solid pseudopapillary neoplasms- a single center experience
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms are one of the most frequent pancreatic tumors in pediatric patients
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Surgery for solid pseudopapillary neoplasms is usually curative and outcomes are excellent
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In a single center study, 10 adolescent girls underwent surgical resection for solid pseudopapillary neoplasms
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3 out of 10 patients developed acute recurrent or chronic pancreatitis after resection
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Every patient who developed ongoing pancreatitis had genetic risk factors like CFTR gene variants or pancreas divisum
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Some patients with post-resection pancreatitis ultimately required completion pancreatectomy
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Identifying genetic and anatomic risk factors before surgery may change management of patients with solid pseudopapillary neoplasms
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Enteral Nutrition in Pancreatitis: 2018 Pediatric Surgery Practice Gap #9
Early enteral feedings when not associated with vomiting decrease morbidity, infectious risk, and mortality in pancreatitis
Nasogastric feeds are equally as tolerated as nasojejunal feeds in pancreatitis
Earlier surgical intervention is recommended for gallstone pancreatitis
Traditional teaching was to wait many days for amylase and lipase to normalize and for abdominal pain to resolve before starting feeds in pancreatitis
Enteral feeding can be provided even in the presence of infected pancreatic phlegmon
Acute Pancreatitis
Lipase half-life is about 7 days and is more specific for pancreatic pathology than amylase, which can be elevated in appendicitis, gynecologic conditions, or salivary disease.
Amylase rises and normalizes much quicker than lipase, so in a patient presenting 2 days after symptom onset, amylase may not be the best indicator of pancreatitis.
Ultrasound is the initial imaging modality for suspected uncomplicated acute pancreatitis in children because it is radiation-free and gives a reasonably good look at the pancreas.
Ultrasound is limited in the setting of suspected complications of pancreatitis; CT is the image of choice for complicated cases to better visualize necrosis, fluid collections, hemorrhage, or masses.
The most helpful use of ultrasound in acute pancreatitis is looking for a biliary component—CBD dilation suggesting need for early ERCP, or gallstones that change management—not documenting pancreatitis or looking for complications.
There is no data identifying a superior pain medication for acute pancreatitis; even adult studies have not identified optimal management.
Opioids should not be avoided in acute pancreatitis; when used appropriately, they can help advance feeds, improve outcomes, and facilitate earlier discharge.
Early nutrition (within 24 to 72 hours) in acute pancreatitis is associated with more favorable outcomes: it maintains gut barrier function, inhibits bacterial translocation, and lowers the incidence of systemic inflammatory response.
A 2012 meta-analysis comparing TPN versus enteral nutrition in predicted severe acute pancreatitis showed enteral nutrition was associated with decreased organ failure, reduced surgical intervention rate, lower mortality, and fewer infections.
The Ekerwal 2007 study randomized 60 adult patients to eat on admission versus NPO and found that early feeding did not increase abdominal pain and decreased length of stay by 2 days.
In a Cincinnati Children's study of 38 admissions for mild pancreatitis, early nutrition was safe and feasible, and patients who received feeds had similar pain scores to those kept NPO.
Pilot analysis showed patients with the lowest pain scores were those who ate the most fat; fat intake did not increase length of stay.
Studies comparing NG feeds versus NJ feeds in acute pancreatitis show no difference in outcomes; duration of hospital stay and mortality were very similar, even in severe acute pancreatitis.
Aggressive IV fluid resuscitation (more than one-third of 72-hour fluid volume given in the first day) is associated with reduced mortality and reduced incidence of SIRS and organ failure at 72 hours.
In studies of aggressive resuscitation, the late resuscitation group received more total fluid than the early resuscitation group, suggesting a critical 24-hour window for intervention.
A 2011 study of 40 patients using goal-directed management (resuscitating to urine output of 3 mL/kg/hour) showed early resuscitation with lactated Ringer's reduced inflammation markers (CRP) compared to normal saline.
In a Cincinnati Children's study of 201 patients, those kept NPO with low IV fluids had 35% rate of developing severe pancreatitis, versus 4.2% in those who ate early and received aggressive resuscitation.
For CT imaging of acute pancreatitis, a single portal venous phase is sufficient; multi-phase imaging is not needed in pediatric patients as the goal is to identify complications (venous thrombosis, necrosis, fluid collections), not masses.